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Evolution Part 1

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good thank you no no no no Charles Darwin story naturalista Fitzroy flush down part of the bank  miracle in Africa business how much what's the play I wonder why these creatures no longer exists the office too small to allow them entry in my purse from the flood do you mock me all the Bible  what sort of clergymen will you be Miss to Darwin dentsville I'm God said that the what does bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life I'm foul hook my floor above the US in the I'm God created great whales  and every living creature that move it getting hit  why such beauty when no one can see  constant try to get a prize for the single best idea anybody ever had I'd give it to Darwin for the idea of natural selection ahead of Newton ahead of Einstein because his idea unites the two most disparate pictures of our universe  the world of purposeless meaningless matter in motion on the one side and the world of meaning and design on the other he understood that what he was proposing was a truly revolutionary idea the dominant Revolution who we are it's what we're made of what I life means insofar as science can answer that question  so in many ways was the singularly deepest and most discombobulating of all discoveries that Sciences ever made Darwin's day the idea of evolution was regarded as highly unorthodox because it went against all of history in Great Britain it jeopardize the standing of science it did jeopardize the standing of a stable Society the Bible and the church as well Darwin chapter starts to himself for many years and agonized over the problem  if it ever got out that he was do something to round slap counter to establish science would ruin his career ruin his reputation he was a respectable man dangerous Theory could you never get your sea legs contents of my stomach to the full force we should be able to squeeze 400 years after the government said anything but I've seen his eyes the way he pulled over you there's a very proud father I told him you were going to publish the Journal of your travels there was a definite flick of Interest published Apostle teach for you my boy you're under my wing. I'll take charge of your fast introduced to the wall Mike never with you friends trade on your your celebrity suck me everyone wants to meet you hear stories of naked Asian women and Giants lose or whatever Captain Fitzroy this is my brother Erasmus can collect a lot of rubbish in 5 years it's a wonder you didn't sink the ship Charles  named I take it off your grandpa yes and then uncle  who drowned himself in the Riveter winch  how do you a free thinker like him I'm more of a free drink already how was the voyage for you cutting give me to say no 40 views of the coast as seen from cat plans of habas and 82 Coastal Maps score for the hydrographic Department of the admiralty  Carrabba's dinner at Sea must be in a Jolly affair traffic assignment  roasted over an open fire rather like veal call madilo roasted in tell look like Duck ptosis of course is it was a 96 inches around the waist one of them Evan it to father ostrich people wonder how it is some animals come to be extinct now we have the answer by Charlie. you look as though you're getting to the scaffold dignity toys smile all eyes are on you the judging has begun  mr. president  I know it's latest no no no stop men of Athens friends Romans countrymen that sort of thing I can't do this yes you can you must let the fact that every leading geologist in the land will be that put you off let me hear an interesting around today  do you have plans do I don't wave your arms around like do Thailand speak up the earthquake full song The Coast accompanied by the symbol tanius eruption of a line of volcanoes we found fresh muscle add slime about high tide  the shellfish old dead  the land is risen 8ft conscience  must be the product of thousands and thousands of such Rises occurring again and again throughout history even the very crest of the Andes we found Marine remains What size stretches that once ruled about at the bottom of the sea elevation 18000 ft above its level time unimaginable tracks of time is the key destination lights Splendid thank you thank you very much  French relations interesting paper what fossil specimens I was thinking as a purchase Museum Lowe's in four-wheel thank you  compensation who does he think he is children's little brother Donovan of the beagle Darwin bread prices in the extra footage for the loss of color that comes with death  how can you do this with Michael after this but I'm finished I did find the methadone I do know that your red is a finch your cruise because a finch divagno Blackbird is a fee I bet unique on you never described before there's even evidence that are separate species for each Galapagos on but I never mind violent label Dublin why do you want some I told you I failed to label Mine by the way I mean why the books I collected some such interest the vice governor of the galactic as told me he could identify which island came from what time is it play Expo jungle tells me he's from different species of finches these finches with blonde to the Galapagos in South America into the Rockies standing to new species new species put those creatures that species were commanded into existence by God that perfect forms living perfect since the day of creation it's Divine Law God's will I'll see to it that your ex but receives my butt's thank you it's God you should give thanks to come home tonight who won my Tony ladies and gentlemen a guided tour of Charles Darwin's book  fish is a large extinct llama like creature this is a giant ground sloth discovered by mr. Owen at last belongs to a huge rodents relative of South American capybara size of a rat mention how big the cats stupid truck stop trying to send you a professor for identifying and describe the extraordinary array officials discovered by mr. darling on his voyage to South America turn the sun to be governed by natural laws but the smallest insect we we should be created by special Act of life in the same ways geology using nut tree everyday Tools in practice that question about the prime  Define men of science be free to investigate each and every means by which new species coming to be if by that you mean wild accusations about man's ancestry next to destroy man's unique states to open the floodgates to Anarchy you might just as well throw muskets to the rabbit people like doing things to do Church of England cucumbers wouldn't grow it's undergone such profound changes in his history geologically all living creatures must have changed with Two Jacks then you can ditions  find the lightsaber something parachute seems Yasmin whose existence of life on Earth could be explained by the assumption that like this and muscular which causes new species to appear in place of the extinct. My boy is the mystery of mysteries  that's who can solve that riddle. old of the scientific prices Sriracha that beaks so amazing they graduate perfectly in size from this large power hot Beach signature hole Finch perfect the design for cracking nuts to this  tiny warbler Finch fine is a chaffinch feed on insects they're all descended from this lot common ground assaulted to prepare some color paint supply Webster Shank fast brass wait what time is it go and come back Google fast smooches mountain ranges in sync continents and Wyckoff Mills if you trace animal Sophia's get down and tracing back through time you face-to-face with Japan on the is Puff of one ancestral chain Mouse pomodoro is the number to think animals on mass timing some letter  Chautauqua animal being higher than another no I think like a tree tree of life  each species  streak transparent tree like a shoot she shoots Franz divided in that so on and so on some brushes time out of us keep developing truck  the ancient common ancestor stock stock from bleach Best Buy Walzem ends in primeval caves organic life began beneath the waves and without parent by spontaneous birth what's the first steps of animated Earth Transformers zootopia would it be too bold to imagine the toll blooded animals have Arisen from one living filament is Canal Place shops  grandfather was vilified for skin or blood the Charles living Stover 150 years ago is now the Bedrock of biology  all forms of life on earth have evolved on a single branching tree of life when the most important ideas that Darwin had was it all living things on earth we related  how can you realize that you are part love this single tree of life and not be fundamentally moved by that it's it's it's something that that stirs the soul following In Darwin's path biologist Chris Schneider and his colleagues have come to South America to wear remote region of Ecuador do you have the base of the Andes Mountains  the rainforest may be home to more species of animals than anywhere else on Earth Darwin have been awestruck by its endless variety of life  he wrote 30 felt like a being given site and that the sounds of the rainforest or like a great Cathedral at evensong for biologists today the Lola rainforest in the nearby Andes mountains or Laboratories for exploring Darwin's ideas invite you over the next several days Schneider's team will track Conrad some frogs bats birds and lizards  today I'm night both here in the rainforest high up in the mountains by comparing the two groups of animals they hope to better understand how changing environments might trigger the new species  you just can't help but be awestruck by the fact that there are so many different kinds of things here there 12 species of primates 550 species of birds that have been identified here  there are a hundred species of frogs right here in this little area well that's great the spiciness why is there such diversity Slinger star we got some good stuff I got a mind blower or two  dermatologist Tom Smith wants to compare the size of birds beak from the rainforest the song as he hopes to find in the mountains  even subtle differences may offer clues about how and why new species arise  just as it was the beaks of finches from the nearby Galapagos Islands that spurred Darwin's thinking in the 1830s Darwin saw that the finches he brought back and uniquely shaped Peaks adapted to the Foods on the island envisioned the these different species of Finch of all descended with Mod patience from a common ancestral population that had flown over from the mainland Norman's bold and side was to apply this Vision to all of life to see that the great variety of life on Earth leopards and like them minnows in Wales flowering plants and flatworms  apes and human beings all descended from one Route One common ancestor  which was indeed another one of his radical proposal not only to say that Evolution happened but that's there was a ruse of common that's ancestry to everything lived on this planet including us you could construit another why is it as I like to say more user-friendly you could have thought about God had several independent lineages and they were old moving in certain preordain directions please sense of how our uniform and harmonious world are to be put together and dances now it's just history all coming with descent with home from a single common ancestry the key to Darwin's thought in every realm is that given enough time and innumerable small events anything can take place by the laws of nature so whether it's the raising of mountains or the Eeveelution of Neuse all of these things happen through time and change the rainforest whole striking examples take a look at this mantis here this thing is almost perfectly disguised as a leaf I mean but you can see if you look at the underside that it's a praying mantis just like you find in a garden in North America but this one is highly modified it's thoraxes flattened out to look like a leaf and its wings or modified to look like leaves you can even see the veins if you imagine the population of mantises and some look more like leaves than others those ones that look like leaves May tend to survive and reproduce more than others and a series of modifications could build up over time to result in an in an almost perfectly Leaf like mantis  but if you turn on a background on which it doesn't belong I mean it just sticks out like a sore thumb and almost certainly get eaten by something before heading into the mountains Smith collects more birds to add to what he's learned in the rainforest Marvel length how different the Highland Birds proved to be two different enough to be considered new species  branching off in the New Direction on the tree of life bananas were uplifted is created a whole variety of new habitats  Hermosa lowland rainforest had an enormous opportunity to colonize these new habitats and they did so the real question is whether adaptation to these new environments can lead to the formation of new species  flying list Maurer Schneider & Smith smooth from the stimulus to the Windswept Andean Peaks animal populations made this but gradually over many generations and has the environment changed from rainforest to the high cool grasslands animal populations were forced to adapt  these grasslands line nearly two miles above sea level Seasons never change here so close to the equator  but it is said that winter visits every night  temperatures drop below freezing animals not well adapted will not survive hummingbirds are amazing it turns out that they can drop their body temperature 50 degrees and go into a state of hibernation withstand The Frigid nights here you can imagine a small billed hummingbird living in cloud forest 2000 M2 slope from us and if those individuals were to expand their range up into this habitat where perhaps flowers are much longer you can expect that individuals with slightly longer bills might survive better and in fact they're many examples in hummingbirds where we know small changes in Bill length and make important differences and how that bird extracts nectar and how well it survives  we're seeing that changes in the environment can be very important in changing the characteristics of those animals as they move between environments when we believe strongly that in many cases any way that this can be very important in the progression to new species species of bird the common ancestor hummingbirds with beaks of different lengths evolved over many generations under these populations change so much that they can no longer reproduce with one another they are considered separate species on the tree of life Smith and Snyder want to see how closely related the Highland birds are to the bird play examined in the lowland rainforest beat wings wingspan just as Darwin would have done but they have another tool the Darwin never even dreamed of  DNA don't was convinced the traits were passed on from generation to generation but he didn't you sound how  we now know that the sequence of the four chemical building blocks of DNA determines the traits of all living things generation passes on this text of A's T's season G's to it's off put occasional mistakes in copying mutations can result in new traits by comparing DNA we can determine whose most closely related to whom we can determine when they had a common ancestor when they diverge from that common ancestor  laboratory analysis feels the DNA from the rainforest hummingbirds differs only very slightly from that of the Highland hummingbirds what's time for from a common ancestor relatively recently in the history of life on Earth about 3 million years ago we're examining the genetic material that makes organisms what they are and written in that DNA is the history of their fact that the blueprints for all living things are in the same language the genetic code DNA is powerful evidence that they all evolved in a single tree of life how is it that organisms so different can be related think we are related to a flatworm or a bacteria  Darwin emphasize that small changes would approve every generation and these changes could build up to amount to enormous changes it's not really hard to understand how major transitions could come about given that life has been around for three and a half billion years Darwin really had it right chunky squid turn  hello Focus Wedgewood the Darwin before Isis in the county you bring yourself I made it in with a b**** who is pretty Swift and how would you breed a Featherlite squid here from the Run how do you squeeze quite as nice as any of your Ruffin dogs it's true and from the runs and monsters tailless cats or picnic squid I'm not do any more if they take me back to the house at once stop saying hard things Greyhound from Bulldogs I  changes you don't find talk of dogs that's interesting I can think of more interesting topics of conversation the novels of Miss Austen and have to say about selective breeding nature juice such differences fees different breeds of dog survival in nature a little puppet like squid who was the smallest in her litter would die Unity didn't you what about the one with the Wolves bigger or ahead stop because of some peculiarity form with an extra thick coach in a hot climate with a monstrosity cold climate that will be a good annotation that pop who is have an advantage Emma kiss  show me problems in the dark  you can make a big dog or a small dog but you can produce feathers on the dog yo can you create organs as miraculous as the heart the eyes  that can only be the work of God hi up she's plastic ties Murray McMurray if it please God constant companion and friend in LA objects to be loved and played with better than a dog and he ha ha ha ha colorable to think of oneself spending one's life like a new to be working working working Schnucks necessarily on YouTube know anyone else very true what connection wimpy complete without that most interesting specimen in the whole series of vertebrate mangles and enviable need to take on anything requiring as much effort as a wife and family but you all the marrying kind who's that Whipping Boy they told me they would pull off missioners call Connie Johnson a small cottage and it's rubbing to that too many people cabbage Sprout cauliflower from the same ancestor strout's aside much cholesterol does not handle monsters half man half Siri the word of advice in my entire life I have known three women with Skeptics and two of them were not permitted in polite Society keep your theory from Emma  it's too late I told her so soft Siri I don't have a Siri just so how did you take it her favorite Testament I will twist disciples you see what I mean  I am the vine and he is a brock she's mad about nothing mean will the four CCS printing me he's cost fault as a brunch and his wizard men's shoe Castleton and they should be cast Into the Fire and they are burned how is your soul Jewel fish  delicious I understand you'll Carriage was turned on the way here tonight making the fridge on the street the song amazed should be free to pursue his own interest yes of course anything else repeat Trevor icon sleep I reach from alphys prefer to think of the Reverend Morpheus still warm to brondes natural tendency of mankind is to reproduce humans can double their numbers every 25 years but they didn't struggle for results slaves greatest and dancing disease war and famine check the population I know the argument yes same struggle takes place throughout nature I don't know why we didn't in the rights which they reproduce the number of eggs produced each and every female it's not that simple sometimes the ugly duckling step to the situation legs run faster they survive have moral spring Nature Select them to pass on their traits to Future generations and where we fit in  WoW the sun's not revolve around the Earth  age does not revolve around map  mine was fooled into Nature's cool Snoop Jazzy no exception once you accept species can possums one another the whole fabric Tulsa some foods that burn you at the stake for this yes but now you have a Siri so I said which comes on the letter mother are taking it away good evening Darwin's work began with the observation that individuals differ from each other and these minor differences Darwin believed might be advantageous it might give each individual an edge when it came to getting food or who plays to survive in nature  Darwin realized that a nature individual organisms compete for resources  those with some kind of advantage in coloration for example horn speed or envision are more likely to survive and reproduce I'm pass on these advantages to their offspring  those who were less fit will not succeed  Darwin called natural selection because the forces of nature select which organisms Will Survive the survivors will be those whose variation fortuitously adapts them better to changing local environment and then because they pass on those traits to their offspring the population changes that's natural selection so it is not a principle of progress it's just the principle of local ad patient you don't make better creatures and any Cosmic sun should make creatures that are better suited to the changing climates of the local habit that's that's Darwin couldn't actually see natural selection acting in real time but today scientists can buy is everything the evolution of HIV the virus that causes AIDS Gustafson has been infected with HIV for over a decade he takes a host of medications but to little avail Chris keeps adapting evolving into new strains that evade the drugs  there's a pervasive feeling that all you have to do is take your medicine in okay and that really isn't the case you know HIV has a capacity to evolve no matter what you give it  there are 19 HIV drugs on the market say and others 19 I've already been through 14 of them Clarence Johnson to is locked in the daily struggle against rapidly evolving virus  sometimes I feel like I'm fighting a losing battle I haven't given up yet but there have been times I just want to just lay down and give stop  I can't leave my family behind Clarence Johnson Michael sack the scene HIV evolved into new varieties of the last Dozen Years the virus is constantly changing subject to the forces of natural selection in the environment of the patient's body  imagine we didn't have a concept of evolution and started giving drugs to patients in the test tube look great and all of a sudden the fire starts coming back and it's not susceptible to the drugs anymore what a mystery the world that happen there's only one way that it happened to evolution  once inside a patient's white blood cells HIV placates at an alarming rate billions of new viruses are spawned every day and each time it reproduces genetic copying mistakes mutations result in slightly different varieties of the virus bursting forth into the bloodstream some of these new varieties just by chance will have traits that make them resistant to certain drugs so when drugs and bloodstream natural selection favors the drug-resistant forms they survive and reproduce for long drug-resistant nurses dominate in the patient's body Evolution seems pretty easy to understand when we look at big animals we can kind of see it and it's that's Evolution that took centuries to develop when you talking about something like a virus that you can't see in everyday life it's hard to imagine how would changes in the case of HIV we're talking about minutes to hours to move from one species to another it's mind-boggling what is the speed with which HIV can replicate how you feeling turn off everytime I see a patient in the back of my mind I'm thinking what is a virus doing in the environment of that pay the virus is producing itself on the order of doings of copies a day those few that happen to be able to work in the drug say hey this is my chance and they emerge so it creates the appearance of the virus is thought this through but in fact it's just a matter of chance it's a letter of a virus being there it's not susceptible to the drugs it emerges and the virus begins to win the war that's just what happened to Jeff each time he tried a new drug the virus evolved to resist it even a cocktail of multiple drugs made little difference where is this puny little virus that doesn't have a brain in the Attic with some the top scientists in the world all the virus color Fred is it a coffee **** off too well I mean that's pretty inspiring and scary  all the time Evolution least on the Darwin and natural selection is that organisms are struggling and some metaphorical and unconscious sense reproductive says however it happens the process of natural selection feeds on random as it feeds on accident in contingency and it gradually improves the fit between whatever organisms are our and the environment in which they're being selected but there's no predictability about what ticular accidents are going to be exploited in this process  for millions of HIV patients evolution is the enemy if only there were a way to take advantage of natural selection to make it work in a patient's favor 1997 at Goethe University in Frankfurt Germany a researcher may have discovered such a quite accidentally  what's a patient with an even though he was being treated with five drugs his first birthday caitian could not be controlled and at the same time he was suffering from a lot of side effects of the medications that point physician if it wouldn't make sense to just stop taking the drugs for a while since he was really having nothing much from them other than to toxicity experiencing  after three months off drugs the patient's virus population was tested for drug resistance dr. Miller could not believe the results  at first I thought I'm sick had happened because the lab. The dentist test I was not able to detect any resistance whatsoever and as far as population  we sent a second sample and this result is confirmed within a matter of three months as far as population had changed completely from being resistant to every single next to appearing to be susceptible to every single drug that we currently have here's what happened which drugs present in the patient's bloodstream only the drug-resistant strains of the virus could replicate but some of them none resist Morris the wild-type still lingered in the white blood cells when the patient stop taking drugs the environment changed the wild-type came back the replicated extremely rapidly and soon out number to drug-resistant strains in darwinian terms the wild-type virus was more fit in this drug free environment under Miller's findings have led to a new experimental treatment strategy  take a patient off drugs for a Time what is the virus refers to the non resistant wild-type hit it hard with a combination of drugs how are you the concept of a treatment eruption is a new strategy that we might be able to apply in Clarence is case but we just got to make sure that we aren't putting him a too much risk if we choose that route so one of the options is to take put drugs away for awhile but the virus spring back into its natural state of not having any mutations and then pounce on it again with the regiment Nick might even be the same regimen that we use before  on first blush the evolution back to wild-type would seem to be a great thing drugs all the sudden can work again but it's a double-edged sword as the virus goes back to wild-type it becomes more dangerous for the is a much more effective killer of cells and so we have to find a way to balance those two things out  Jeff ghost is also beginning of treatment Interruption despite the risks I feel like I've played all the cards but I have in my hand with the medicines that are available  I feel like it's worth the risk to try and take another car door turn strategy and end and just stop taking medicine all together and hope that next time that I do go on medicine that will actually work after 5 weeks off drugs Clarence Johnson is enjoying being free at least temporarily from their debilitating effects if the wild-type virus is staging a comeback it doesn't yet appear to be affecting his immune system we took a bit of a gamble I think so far it's paid off and the virus has gone from being resistant to certain drugs and now that population of shifted so that now they're susceptible again what I hope for Clarence is it we can find the right course find a make to stretch a survival out even further so that he's healthy and happy until the next new approach to treatment is able to get him to a point where you can live 280 Minecraft is how is that when I do go back on medications those drugs will bring my viral load wonton detectable amount as I don't know what it feels like to be undetectable so that would be a great experience 6 weeks into his treatment Interruption Jeff Gustafson virus also has changed to the drug susceptible while type he's now on a new course of medication and responding well from day one of the epidemic we were put into a race with HIV over the last decade or so we've been catching up we learned a lot about it we've scouted out the enemy we've learned how it replicates we learn how it tries to survive we learned how it evolves and we're now taking those principles that we've learned and applying them to put in the brakes on the virus in this what's may be Posner the athletes before cubes  Work lyrics  see if it works open good job book of Thoth thought I'd surprise you when it's done especially you project schnapps vacuum one two and three and Africa I thought of a new name for the Vintage in the mouth how's your depressing the sky well go on then is Tony supposed to be The Comfy Cow Wilson talking around she has some neck  you look pale my stomach rejects food not strong anymore I never cheap anything insides now you coming back to London with me know I'm no yes you are right and when I talk about my theory with you I feel like I'm confessing a mod no  will you coming back to London with me Charlie with your like if only to remind you opposition you'll still alive and kicking take cast single night to the club with you  for the next day  don't worry I'm doing good come on you'll sluice awaits yusa what's a magnificent my word remarkable job yes I thought you please come see what I've been working on the chimpanzee being the highest organ Place 408 every difference between it's not too many humans is instructive has dog like canines used as Weapons of Destruction how do you are free to make working for my hands for grasping this fruit has its hands and feet mate once in the same purpose as a striking similarity putting on the new book 2 same bone structure the hands and feet  blueprint if you will it existed first in the creation of mind that can be no doubt the similarity of structure indicates one thing of one thing from ancient common ancestor Flesh and Blood parents why didn't you say so then  you must publish your ideas so nearby what is an ice completed a Skechers my species Theory  I believe it's considerable in science  if anything should happen to me what do you mean if I should die if anything should happen to me I'd like you to see to it that it gets published  400 lb should be enough to see it printed and promoted nothing's going to happen to you  you say here that human I may possibly have been applied gradual selection of slight but in each case useful deviations that's a very great to sumption Charles if I'm wrong about that I'm wrong about everything my entire theories in Ruins the X and heart combined to reproduce the sounds that show Parenthood in isn't that a given gift plus I think by God your man of science you don't want to believe anything until it's proved put some things I'll be on proof  put Nightmare to me if I didn't belong to each other forever in heaven Emma was a sincere belief in the Christian Plan of Salvation and at those who trusted in Jesus and his resurrection from the dead would spend eternity in heaven saw  to her husband's speculations about the origins of species and of humanity would jeopardize the Christian planner salvation God was being made with what remote and her husband's Universe now if Nature by itself unaided by God could make an eye what else couldn't nature do that you could do anything you could make everything Darwin's the very existence of an organ of extreme Perfection like the I was taken by many as proof of God as proof of a designer how else could all the intricate organs and substructures of the I have come together in just the right way to make Vision so possible and so perfect but turns that the Eisen exactly perfect after all in fact the eye contains profound Optical imperfections and those imperfections reproof in assets of the illusionary ancestry of the eye eyes are in perfect because Evolution does not create things the designer or an artist does natural selection simply favors random changes to make an organism more fit to survive and Imperfections InDesign often result from Evolutions constant tinkering one search imperfection proved traumatic for artist Valerie in  we just come home from party and I saw a lot of slashing inside my eye especially on the outside edge of the of the right eye and I thought we may be in trouble here and it took me how to really see that it was my this was coming from inside my eye  luckily my husband was with me because I wouldn't have been able to drive to the hospital some addition was pretty obscured the only way I can describe is like a jellyfish with lots of little will send it and it just kept turning and floating front of my eyes Valerie how to wrap no not an uncommon problem due to the way human eyes evolved from light-sensing patches of brain tissue in our ancient ancestors in the human embryo eyes develop from bulges in the brain's neural tube that pinched em to form cavities list top layer the retina which Torin Valerie Young's eye contains cells that collect light it rests against the SEC doctor layer that lines the back of the eye but the two layers are not attached to one another and when the jelly that fills liquefies as we age it can cause the retina to tear the jelly can then seep into the space on leading to a retinal detachment and in some cases blindness when Valerie young came in her floaters were in immediate do the chicken have a retinal tear we were able to successfully apply laser treatment in the office that day to seal it off like applying sand next around something to wall it off so that the vitreous jelly would not get in the break and detach her retina battery Young's retinal tear is just one example of imperfections in the design of human eyes what's the Wreckers because nerve cells and blood vessels evolve to lie in front of the retina where they interfere with its ability to form sharp image it's like trying to take a picture through a foggy piece of glass  and the optic nerve itself evolved connect to the brain through a hole in the retina  so the eyes of all vertebrates have a small blind spot right near the middle of the visual Evolution starts with what's already their tankers with and modifies it but can never do a grand redesign even the eye with all of his optical Perfection as Clues to the fact that it's origin is of the blind process of natural selection Darwin believed that what he called an organ of extreme complexity like the eye revolve by small steps given enough time  any trait that improve division would Aid in the search for food or a May Gordon the avoidance of predators  so natural selection would most certainly favor those traits then what song was able to was to point out the you might think in logic that it's difficult to imagine instead of into media stages between the simplest little spot of nerve cells that can receive light to a lens forming eye that makes images buddy in fact these intermediary forms do exist in nature  at the University of looms in Sweden zoologist I'm Eric Nielsen has developed a Marvel's to show how a primitive ispot could evolve through intermediate stages to become a complex human like I less than half a million years helping interesting I Evolution for a long time  men in particular have been interest when the question of how long time it would take for me to evolve a sequence of stages by which of sales on an animal skin could evolve into a camera type I as a first step nature would favor any changes that the flat patch more cup like soon as you've traded even the slightest depression in the center means that the the edges of will actually shade buy from parts of the environment and of course older light-sensitive cells in this little Captain's measure light sucky the same direction so ready they scalp has some pictorial information another model demonstrates for the Primitive cup I can do brightly lighted skulls cast an image onto a translucent screen Nielsen stalls at the back of the cup to act like a rep puppy image is not at all well to find the cup I can do little more than detect movement this kind of I can be found in nature today in flatworms their eyes evolve no further in their environment that's all they needed sea animals need to move faster revolve to become fast predators of the other fast then the construction needs to be improved in one way of doing that is constrict the opening to make it smaller  that's just what happened to creatures the chambered nautilus  over thousands of generations natural selection favored those with slightly more constricted by openings focus light more sharply this word well up to a point since this strategy making a sharp image full size the drawback of creating a very dim image it's very popular in the animal kingdom and alternative solution which is has become very popular in the animal kingdom solution that we use in our own eyes that is to put in a lens Nielsen's model lens uses to thin layers of clear plastic he can inject water in turn them to make the plastic windows bows out like a convex lens  this mimics what natural selection might have done over a few hundred thousand Generations favoring animals with a rounded transparent layer in their eyes that cause light to be focused more play on the wrestler  so we can make it gradually from Netherlands to do and just continue to inject more water Viking the lenses Balch more and more and damage becomes gradually sharper and sharper Subway can go all the way gradually in very small steps from a simple pigment cowpie which has barely got the ability to determine the direction of a light goes all the way to complete camera type of the same type as we have ourselves  and that is really exactly the way Evolution must proceed the extreme complexity of the I left in a cold sweat he wrote to a friend but still he was convinced that on my should be formed by natural selection  Elena wrote that eyes must have evolved by numerous gradations from an imperfect simple lie to one perfect and complex with each grade being useful to its possessor I needed by a designer could produce an organ of seemingly miraculous complexity orange smell Annie Dominic when I first started looking at tiny parasites that's an animal or plant that lives on another flight gets his food from it like mistletoe on an apple tree not  animal life little tiny husband the females little tiny males around with them Canyon Prescott tails just let you know me and my mom  I think it's the most nice to Monaco in the whole wide world we should call it  Skylanders funny  the tiny parasitic males are rudimentary in a way that I believe can hardly be the whole of the animal kingdom I have no mouth or stomach in the tiny head and talking to Norma spoiled penis apart from the bit about the month from the stomach why don't you work so hard that your little mollusks mollusks and Crustaceans and I have horrid pigeons and heartworms to the providing here I need for my Siri  the difference of right to publish the idea famous to something about you your stomach condition is nervous original result exhaust subwoofers used to stimulate the circulation and roll the blood supply away from the inflamed of the stomach no sugar no salt no bacon no alcohol no tobacco I don't know how old why but I feel so much better I look around me and I don't care two Hoots out any of this came to be created children turn on Rock quickly Chrissy how do you want tell me why Johnny my dear and good chart 08 Dodge watchdog charge of Road call me drone haha I need Fork me up I need for Camaro mom wake up wake up on his crying what's wrong your head hurts hypertonic will be right do you go get dressed I'll say with that tortilla what did you say you have no idea what's wrong to go see talk together he owed me soon as going to pay a new baby and I sure need your help say goodbye to my Cena one pick up this girl has a cookout that can come over quickly she seems the week is not anything you can do  all you can do is pray it's my fault first cousin marriages which juice week children it's my fault I could the cause of death as bilious fever with it current time Beloit kids I don't know what takes away protest cheese chains please what Annie's death did to Darwin's Faith was mainly to destroy Christianity see the a good god ordered and superintended all of the events of human life and of the universe  keep believe she did not deserve punishment by God or by Nature either victim to the struggle for existence purpose set round according to laws of nature  Darwin certainly didn't think definition Smokey the for or against the unprovable existence of daughter a form of God didn't desire to cast aspersions on anyone's religious convictions he regarded as of private matter which he was never able to hold with conventional Zeal following the tragedy of his life today's scientists hold all conceivable views on religion from atheism to ignore this isn't General spirituality and men like biologist Kim Miller at here to very traditional beliefs  I'm a North Catholic and I'm an orthodox darwinist my idea of God is Supreme Being who acts in concert with the principles ideas to Darwin explain to us about the Origin of Species  my students often ask me you say you believe in God will what kind of God is a fashionable New Age God of Pyramid Power kind of God do you think like some signs do that God is the sum total of the laws of physics and I shake often say that my religious belief is entirely conventional egg surprises is very often then anyone could say that kind of very traditional conventional religious belief could be compatible with Evolution but it is let's find this absolutely wonderful consistency with what I understand about the universe from science and what I understand about the universe from face  Tennessee's Premier morning radio talk show the how to run Hills in Hill Morning Show News Talk 99 wnox AM FM Loudon Knoxville  12 past the hour of six it's my pleasure chihuahua come to the broadcast this morning dr. Kenneth Miller he's a professor of biology and Brown University his book is entitled Finding Darwin's God scientists search for common ground between God and evolution he's in town tonight let me ask you this in your experience are you studying something reading something or doing some research  when do you come to the point where you go God as an experimental scientist I don't find God in the insufficiency of science to explain things in other words I don't find God in ignorance I don't find Godby to say what we can explain that that must be something that God's doing create some kind of primordial soup Sago what time ago people were sufficiently unknowing of how things worked in the natural world to see when the sun move across the sky they imagine that God had to push that son across the sky and we began to realize that the world Works according to physical loss science investigate those laws so what room is there for God in will I think if you ask people who are believers how does God act they would say he accidental variety of ways he answers our prayers he inspires us no doubt there are is it take place that are part of what some people might call God's plan and what I would suggest is if you look back in Earth's history give God is working today in concert with laws of nature with physical laws and so he probably worked in concert with him in the past and who made up the rules of the game and he manages to act within those for Miller and millions of followers of all major religions Notions of God and Devil are fully compatible but not everyone agrees when we replace the traditional idea of God the Creator with the idea of the process of natural selection doing the the creation is as wonderful as it ever was all that great design work had to be done it just doesn't wasn't done by an individual it was done by huge process distributed over billions of years God created man in His image hit him  male and female he created them as people used to think of meaning coming from on high and being ordained from countdown live now we have Darwin sink know all of this design can happen all of this purpose can emerge from the bottom up without any direction at all unsettling for many people  in Darwin's Day science and politics and religion where all of the peace when you talked stop the origins of life and of species could go along pretty well because it testified to the wisdom and power of God and holding the planets and the idea of evolution or transmutation people said with a snarl put in Jeopardy the whole established social order what is in this big book of his choosing transmutation and other dog Watching God of creation if it's grind it's because you should house is why the display as possible which is up to you it's the country's leading an SMS to intelligent Street Ruffians monkey origins in Her Majesty's museums you can rely on me Bishop Wilberforce  the human brain this is markedly from that of all other mammals in mind  not only to the cerebral hemispheres of the olfactory lobes and the cerebellum but they extend in advance of the one and farther back than the other  that forced air development is so marked that I have assigned to that part the character of a third low  peculiar to Homosassa the hippocampus highest form of brain and I'm let that fall to regard man normally as representative of a distinct sub Burleson habitants of one reserved for him alone the human brain is in itself proof of man's moral and religious faculties such the powers with which we  and we volume  I wonder what a chimpanzee would have to play about that Moustakas medlars you Troublesome research Thorazine Frank disagreements with Allen should not be passed help it he's so  the prospect slipping on one of his pickled brings this just too good to be true meaning tell Luke to Owen Huxley saying in public what you thinking private Charles you put long enough you've collected enough Barnacles to sync a ship-of-the-line upstaged  my book is the thing what's my lucky stars will it deal with Matt Still surrounded by prejudices publish oh my God best what is it who is Alfred Wallace  my Jayhawks  it's like a see if my theory full my originality whatever it's been smashed  Todd Wallace a copy of the address and 44 in front of them and couldn't have written abstract variations being pushed further and further from parents species by struggle for existence overpopulation so laugh as your book ready for publication  how can I publish honorably  I should have done the Blasted thing and I anyone else sing tonight to Hazen of spirit and Publishing joint paper exits from your work along with Wallace's application  who knows it may all be for the best  I lost will fun to get to know on your views in full supercapacitor Sushi Bistro Project without you near me when on board HMS Beagle is naturalist I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America  add to the illogical relations of the present to the Past inhabitants of that continent facts seem to throw some Light On the Origin of Species that mystery of mysteries X is very positive the name one sweet ride in the Divinity hold College the Truman Museum  my book is no more on oviducts on the subject to moms  I don't discuss the origins of man and then discuss Genesis Charles don't be so naive it's clear you think mine is no exception with your rifle wrong must finish what you started now it tell you print me a threat um Center theater in continuous becoming of living things to be ignored what does it mean I don't know what it means not at all you believe the selection is the only possible creatively roll of the dice bus according to God's law you should be ashamed of yourself it's as respectable to be modified monkey as notifying Facebook  don't worry I'll deal with him I'm sharpening my beak and claws original any contribution to our natural history from the pen of mr. Charles Darwin is certain to command attention his latest publication the Origin of Species is manifestly regarded by him as the Opus upon which is your Fame is dressed mr. darling clay that every living thing every fish stop phunky elephant cut it  call equal the lineal descendants of the same common and such a notion is absolutely incompatible with the word of God find was made in the image of God and Redeemed by the internal selection genius cr49 working and therefore the existence of the create in fact the human brain differs markedly from that whole other menos unfortunately my Lord Bishop you have been misinformed we are unprejudiced Judges we have to admit that that is as little interval as animals between the gorilla and the man as there is between the gorilla what time is the bubu speech alone and not some spiritual gift that makes man a reasonable be that is the source of our unlimited intellectual progress but that does not disguise the fact touch of the very roots and Foundation of his nature man is one with the rest of the organic world no one who has ever decepted the vitamin agrees with professor in his findings are wrong  odious the professor's brain must have shrunk in the pickling jar I meant of course the chimpanzees brains he had examined does then it got delivered Wilberforce into my hands I wonder mr. huckster is it through your grandfather or your grandmother that you claim to send from Annie stood up very quiet very grave and said my play with perfect good tempeh show this to me turbo for a grandfather intelligence possessive means of influence on us who employ these please hun. Influence for the purpose of introducing what takes teelia from my preference fall the  you didn't I said that or something very like that a life Bishop in public and then Admiral Fitzroy fish fry oh my we'll probably never know the truth or the truth what does in your book if the most interesting thing I've ever read the reasoning is so entirely satisfactory Jamaica Braxton fit then we'll so much the worse for the facts  shakes timeline with natural resource for more than a century people have often thought that the conclusion to watch from Darwin's vision is it Homo sapiens our species animals to wear just mammals that there is nothing morally special about us find myself don't think this follows at all from Darwin's Vision but it is certainly the received view in many quarters  ever what's the Origin of Species was published strict Believers and biblical creation have attacked Darwin's vision their concerns aren't only about the science of evolution at stake many believe is nothing less than the one sole  to suggest that animals and plants us humans came into being in a natural law like way the way the planets move was put in Jeopardy the human soul and the human soul is the Crux of the matter because if we are not different from animals if we don't forever in heaven or in **** then why should we behave other than like animals in this life in the 19th century In Darwin's time it was on dacious to claim that Youmans and shims for closely related wasn't that much scientific evidence since that time you have an instance become strong first we saw the fossil record appear evidence of human ancestors 8th plague features established the possibility of the idea that humans and chimps had common ancestors and then in the last 20 years we've seen the emergence of a whole new type of data it's established a close relationship between chimps and humans that comes from the analysis if DNA  this is Deanna we've got DNA chimps of God DNA DNA petunias of got DNA crabs of got DNA every living animal plant fish frog is got DNA and if we compare could DNA of any two species we can establish how closely related they are one to another days of DNA research a double strand of DNA was extracted from each species to be compared  when heated the strands split apart  when the single strands from each creature were put together and allowed to cool the to always combined to form the familiar double helix  the degree to which the strands made it successfully was a measure of their similarity turned out that human DNA and chimp DNA combined almost perfectly today the molarity can be seen even more precisely DNA sequences cannot be read letter by letter here we'll look make the DNA sequences of one particular Gene as found in human and chimp and what's immediately evident humans and chimps have DNA's that 98% identical they're basically the center just a couple of spelling changes why are there only a couple spelling changes because and chimps had a common ancestor only a few million years ago and these few spelling differences have accumulated during the propagation DNA during those few million years if more time is passed since we had our last common ancestor more spelling changes would have accumulated it's the same gene from a rat is compared many more spelling differences are seen that's because our common ancestor with the rat lived about eighty or a hundred million years ago and has been much more time for spelling diff sister accumulate Japan season when's are made from blueprints that are 98% the same  but what about the ways humans and chimps think and act in the world are there similarities there as well psychologist Sally Boysen explores the commonalities between the minds of chimps and humans  request the help explain how the human mind evolved  the developmental Milestones really throughout the life of a gym are almost exactly the same as humans everything is so similar they respond to new things and new toys and play the same kinds of rough-and-tumble play Harper's rough and rowdy and runs all over the place and climbed than Emma really can almost retainer self  one of the things that our work allows us to see is chimpanzees can acquire very sophisticated complex talking of skills like learning to count normally wouldn't learn in the wild 45 yet they have the requisite neural capacity to do that where did that come from turn those can you show me the answer to this with the blue and brown  show me yeah  next salon there's almost nothing that The Chimps haven't been able to learn that we've tried to teach them seeing their ability to grasp extremely complex Notions like the concept of zero for example okay she'd look what if I didn't put any candy here at all what would you say  0 that's right there's no candy here that's too bad there's no way the chimps can be able to do this if they didn't have a great deal of commonality can literally the neurological structure that supports their ability to learn just like we do those things are absolutely confer bowl and had to come from a common ancestor the similarities that we have with our primate relatives or extraordinary we share so much of our DNA we share so much of our morphology we even blood types but for all of those similarities there are striking differences I think the reason for this is really very simple and that is the line of evolution that led to us  land for reasons which we only beginning to understand to an explosive development of capacity  and would clearly happen is the natural selection favored if you have a Lucian of organisms that could communicate the could manipulate symbols and could construct language Darwin's great idea is a grand and marvelous explanation that shows us that we are united with every other form of life on this planet and I find that an exciting and maybe even an ennobling way to look at thanks Darwin died in Pro 1882 at the age of 73  finally thought he would be buried in the parish churchyard. months before he died that he would have to do look forward to it as the sweetest place on Earth  it was not to be  in London Darwin's friends determined to make his death and burial a state occasion  they went to the Royal Society I got signatures they went to the House of Commons and got up a petition at Telegraph the dean of Westminster who was abroad and got his approval thumbs even written for the occasion and on the 26th of April the week after the death Darwin's body was born mightily and procession down the aisle of Westminster Abbey to be interred in the shadow of the grave of Sir Isaac Newton Darwin's internment celebrated social transformation that England was undergoing there were new colonies new Industries and new men to run them Darwin's body was in Shrine to the greater glory of these new Professionals for he had naturalized creation and delivered human nature and turn Destiny into their hats society would never be the same  Darwin's vision of nature was typing fundamentally a religious patient one with which he ended his most famous work on the Origin of Species there is Grandeur in this view of life with it several Powers having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one plus this planet has gone cycling on according to the 6th law of gravity from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful does being a dog being continue the journey into where we're from and where we're going Evy Evolution web Musa www.pbs.org the seven part Evolution box set and the companion Park are available from WGBH Boston video to place an order please call +1-800-255-9424 this is PBS

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