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Photosynthesis 101

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in order for plants to grow they need inputs of carbon dioxide water and energy the chemical process by which plants use these resources to manufacture glucose the building blocks of plants is called photosynthesis in the process oxygen gas is produced as a byproduct the energy for photosynthesis originates in the Sun and arrives at the Earth as sunlight this light has both a wave and a particle nature the particles or photons are the smallest units of light photons oscillate along a path which is measured as wavelengths the light emitted from the Sun contains photons in a wide spectrum of wavelengths called the electromagnetic spectrum photosynthetic organisms use only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum called visible light  photosynthetic who's contain pigments that facilitate the capture of wavelengths of light in the visible light range the color of the pigment comes from the wavelengths light reflected plants appear green because they reflect yellow and green wavelengths of light red and blue wavelengths of light are absorbed by these pigments and provide the energy that is used for photosynthesis within eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms also known as photo Auto the chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur within plant cells in specialized structures known as chloroplasts photos does this consist of two sets of reactions the light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle within the chloroplast are small dislikes pictures called thylakoids which are surrounded by a fluid-filled space called the stroma the reactions that synthesize glucose the Calvin cycle occur in the stroma the light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid it is here that conversion of light energy to chemical is initiated in most photosynthetic organisms thylakoids contain pairs of photosystems called photosystem 1 and photosystem listen to that work in tandem to produce the energy that will later be used in the stroma to manufacture sugars  the photosystems of Tyler coin consists of a network of accessory pigment molecules and chlorophyll the molecules that absorb the photons of Light Within the Pigman molecules that absorb light energy excites electrons to a higher state photosystems will channel the excitation energy gathered by the pigment rules to a reaction Center chlorophyll molecule which will then pass the electrons to a series of proteins located on the thylakoid membrane photons of Light Strike photosystems 1 & 2 simultaneously we will examine what happens with the photon striking photosystem 2 first the energized electrons are passed from the reaction Center of photosystem 2 to an electron transport chain turns lost by photosystem 2 are replaced by a process called photolysis which involves the oxidation of a water molecule producing free bonds and oxygen gas oxygen gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis it is an important input to the cellular respiration pathway as electrons pass through the electron transport chain the energy from the electron is used to hydrogen ions from the stroma to the thylakoid creating a concentration gradient  this gradient Powers a protein called a P synthase which phosphorylates ADP to form ATP the low-energy electrons leaving photosystem 2 are to photosystem 1  within photosystem 1 low-energy electrons are we energies and are passed through an electron transport where they are used to reduce the electron carrier nadp plus to nadph turn the roplast is receiving a steady supply of photons nadph and ATP molecules are rapidly being provided to the metabolic pathways in the stroma therefore the ATP and nadph formed during the light dependent reactions are used in the stroma to fuel the Calvin cycle actions the Calvin cycle consists of a series of reactions that reduce carbon dioxide to produce the carbohydrate glyceraldehyde 3 Allstate the cycle consists of three steps the first of which is carbon fixation  in this step carbon dioxide is a Tribulus 1 5 bisphosphate resulting in a six carbon molecule that splits into two three-carbon molecules the second step is a sequence of reactions using electrons from nadph and some of the ATP to reduce carbon dioxide side  in the final step Ribble S15 bisphosphate is generated  for every three terms of the cycle 5 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate are used to reform three Mullica Tribulus 1 5 bisphosphate  the remaining glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate can use to make glucose fatty acids or glycerol it takes two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to make one molecule of glucose phosphate does the Calvin cycle has to run 6 times to produce one molecule of glucose these molecules can remove their phosphate and add fructose to form sucrose the molecule plants use to transport carbohydrates throughout their system glucose phosphate is also the starting molecule For the synthesis of starch and cellulose  plants do sugars to use as storage molecules and structural components for their own benefit  by utilizing the energy of the sun along with who puts a water and carbon dioxide plants act as glucose factories photosynthetic organisms are the primary producers of glucose on the they also produce oxygen gas as a byproduct and the serve as the foundation of life providing food and oxygen for the food webs on both land and in the oceans

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Photosynthesis 101

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